SociologyBA notes and study material for 1st 2nd 3rd year

Sociology terms and concepts   Social group  A social grp  is a grp of people who interact with each other and share the sense of belongingness it is known as social group. So can any gathering of people can be called as social grp? Actually no, gathering of people will not be called as a social grp.It wll be called as an aggregate grp or quasi grps. Example--- Passengers waiting at the bus stand to board the bus. They may have the small interactions they may say hi or hello but they do not have the sense of belongingness. Now you may be wandering but what is the social group? Here are some of the characteristics of the social group-: 1. Consistent and long term interactions. 2. They have the sense of belongingness.  3. Shared interest.  4. Acceptance of the common norms and values. No what are norms and values  So norms are nothing but rules so in norms rules can be strict and non-strict or flexible and inflexible Example--- non-strict/flexible  ...

SOCIOLOGICAL OBSERVATION   What is sociological observation?  Sociological observation means observations which we do from our surroundings and question on everything which we see.  For example if we saw a bigger begging a social audit will not question that it is his personal problem where as the sociologist can arise the questions that it may be due to the lack of the government because the government has now made many ashram and all. Sociologist can also question that this is the problem is of the government that maybe they didn't get job due to which they are like this means it is the problem of the system.  According to C wright mills  In accordance to his view we can say that it is a social problem not a personal issue. Because in India there are lacks of beggars.  Solution to this problem  1. A counselling can be done  2. If they had any trauma they can be sent to a ashram built by the government so that these people cannot be exploite...

What is a Social Group, Society, and Community? Types with Examples A man cannot live alone. From birth to death, we live with others. Sociology studies these relationships through concepts like social group, society, and community. *1. What is a Social Group?* A social group is a collection of two or more people who interact frequently, share a sense of unity, and have common goals. There is a structure and norms. *2. What is Society?* Society is not a group of people. Society is a _system of relationships_ and patterns of interaction among individuals. A society is abstract, while a group is concrete. *3. Types of Social Groups* *a) Primary Group:* Small, intimate, face-to-face interaction for a long time. Emotional bonding is strong. _Example: Family, close friends, peer group._ *b) Secondary Group:* Large, formal, and goal-oriented. Interaction is indirect and temporary. _Example: Office colleagues, a hospital staff, political party._ *c) In-group and Out-group:* In-group is the gr...

Sociological imagination  The view of sociological imagination was given by C.Wright Mills. He says that the problems that an individual face are not his personal problem instead they are the public issue of social structure. So all the problems that an individual face are the problems of public issue? No, to make it a public issue it should affect the larger part of the society. Untill the larger part of the society is not affected by the issues created by society it will not become a public issue. Example-: A student failing in an exam is his own personal problem but what if the large number of students fails in an exam? Will it become an public issue? Actually Yes it will now become an public issue because this impacts the society. How? So it creates unemployment, depression, Anxiety etc. So as written in the ncert the trouble occurs within the character of an individual and his immediate relations. The above example clearly explains the concept hidden in this line. Introducing ...

What is Common Sense? So common sense in the terms means those activities that we perform in our daily life but do not rise questions over those activities.These activities come under common sense. What would Sociology ask? Sociology would ask why it is common? Why we do not raise questions to those common sense activities. For example celebrating of Birthday, wearing College uniform daily So the main moto is Sociology asks WHY? We do not question to our self that why do we go to school daily? Now education platforms are provided online so why should students go to school? So the main thing of sociology with respect to common sense is that to make the things which looks at familiar make them unfamiliar. Like why do we remove our shoes before entering the temple? People also regard hospital as a temple because people visit to doctor there and cure themselves.So Sociology will ask if you regard it as a temple why are not removing the shoes before entering the hospital? So as i have said ...

  What is socialization? The term socialization is a process which the human beings interact with each other.This is known as socialization. OR The process by which the human beings learns the culture,norms and values of the society it is known as socialization. Process of socialization Primary socialization  It is the process which is started after the birth from 0-8 yrs. Agency of primary socialization •Family • mother What does primary socialization give him language,basic manners and love. •Secondary socialization It take place from 8-10yrs  Agents School Fire Peer Group What he learns-: Competition  Team work Anticipatory socialization  When we prepare ourself for the future goal. Example a student preparing for upsc thinks like ips officer from the initial stage of his preparation. Adult/developmental socialization  Example-: Job,Marriage,becoming father,learning to perform the new roles. Resocialization It means learning the new cultures norms values...

  SHORT VIEW ON INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION(2600-1900 BCE) The indus valley civilization composed of two major cities-: 1.Harappan -- Located near the river Ravi in Punjab province of Pakistan 2.Mohenjodaro-- Located near the Indus River in Sindh province in  Pakistan  The name of the civilisation was harappan civilization because the city was located in harappa pakistan. To the above context Sociologist may ask  1.What could be the reason people living in a grp? 2.What development made their cognitive power so strong that they end up making these 2 famous cities. Both the cities were major part of the trade. Now lets have a snapshot view on this civilisation  Many cities were divided into two parts upper town and lower town in the upper town only elites used to live where as in the lower town people such as artisans,peasants used to live. Construction The walls were made up of baked bricks which lasted to 1000 yrs.The city consist of streets,roads,good drainage s...